Ireland vs Liechtenstein: which jurisdiction wins?

Ireland vs Liechtenstein — both credible, very different trade-offs. Below: side-by-side on the variables that actually move the decision.

	Ireland	Liechtenstein
Tax headline	12.5% trading, 15% Pillar 2 for large groups	12.5% corporate
Formation days	5	14
First-year cost	$5,500	$8,500
Treaties	75+	22+
Substance	Substance critical (CFC, BEPS)	Real substance required
Banking	BOI, AIB, plus US bank branches	LGT, VP Bank, LLB

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