Ireland vs Netherlands: which jurisdiction wins?

Ireland vs Netherlands — both credible, very different trade-offs. Below: side-by-side on the variables that actually move the decision.

	Ireland	Netherlands
Tax headline	12.5% trading, 15% Pillar 2 for large groups	25.8% corporate; participation exemption for holdings
Formation days	5	5
First-year cost	$5,500	$6,500
Treaties	75+	95+
Substance	Substance critical (CFC, BEPS)	Substance decree — mandatory directors, payroll, office
Banking	BOI, AIB, plus US bank branches	ING, Rabobank, ABN AMRO

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