Ireland vs Panama: which jurisdiction wins?

Ireland vs Panama — both credible, very different trade-offs. Below: side-by-side on the variables that actually move the decision.

	Ireland	Panama
Tax headline	12.5% trading, 15% Pillar 2 for large groups	0% on foreign-sourced income (territorial)
Formation days	5	5
First-year cost	$5,500	$2,200
Treaties	75+	17+
Substance	Substance critical (CFC, BEPS)	Light
Banking	BOI, AIB, plus US bank branches	Local Panamanian banks; USD economy

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