Panama vs Andorra: which jurisdiction wins?

Panama vs Andorra — both credible, very different trade-offs. Below: side-by-side on the variables that actually move the decision.

	Panama	Andorra
Tax headline	0% on foreign-sourced income (territorial)	10% corporate, 10% personal
Formation days	5	30
First-year cost	$2,200	$6,500
Treaties	17+	9+
Substance	Light	Real residency required
Banking	Local Panamanian banks; USD economy	Andorran banks (Andbank, Crèdit Andorrà)

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