How the alert networks work
Two networks cover most issuers. Ethoca, owned by Mastercard, shares dispute and fraud notifications from participating issuers with merchants. Verifi, owned by Visa, runs the Cardholder Dispute Resolution Network and Rapid Dispute Resolution, which can resolve eligible Visa disputes automatically using rules the merchant sets in advance.
Neither network reaches every issuer, so coverage varies by customer country and card brand. Most merchants connect through an alert provider or their processor rather than directly.